Section 4

Gastritis (inflammation of the stomach) can be acute and chronic. Most often the disease occurs due to irrational nutrition or poisoning, most often poor-quality products.Acute gastritis is accompanied by complaints of pain in the stomach, unpleasant sensations in the pancreatic region, burning sensation in the upper half of the stomach, nausea, often vomiting.Chronic gastritis can occur with normal, increased or decreased acidity of gastric juice.Peptic ulcer disease is a disease, usually young people. The nature of complaints allows us to judge about the localization of the ulcer process in the stomach or duodenum.The main and most frequent complaint of patients when ulcer disease progresses is pain in the pancreatic region.

Colitis is an inflammatory-dystrophic lesion of the large intestine. Untreated in time, acute colitis turns into chronic colitis over time. Most often chronic colitis is not only the outcome of acute, but also a consequence of weakened immunity, the introduction of pathogens into the body. Often the cause of the disease is and worm infestation. In addition, chronic colitis (so-called secondary) can occur with inflammatory diseases of the liver, pancreas, duodenum.Cholecystitis - disease of the gallbladder. It can be acute and chronic.Cholecystitis is accompanied by pain, arising suddenly, often being intolerable. It often goes to the right shoulder or scapula.On the 2-3rd day after the onset of a painful attack is often noted jaundice of the skin and sclera, -expressed in varying degrees, while the urine acquires the color of dark beer.

Gallstone disease is characterized by the formation of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts.Gallstone disease occurs in middle-aged and elderly people, and in women this pathology is diagnosed 4-6 times more often than in men. Gallstone disease, like many others, develops gradually, often stealthily. Gradually, the patient begins to feel bloating and bloating of the abdomen. Periodically there is nausea, sometimes - vomiting. And the pain in the gallbladder region becomes more and more prolonged. The feeling of bitterness in the mouth does not go away for a long time. Liver cirrhosis is a chronic progressive disease characterized by damage and death of liver cells with their gradual replacement by overgrowing connective (non-working) tissue. In this case, the function of the liver - this main biochemical "laboratory" of the body - is disturbed. The causes of liver cirrhosis are often Botkin's disease, chronic alcoholism.Cirrhosis of the liver has its own symptoms. Patients usually complain of general weakness, lack of appetite, abdominal bloating and a feeling of pressure in its upper half.

Pyelonephritis is an inflammatory disease of the kidneys and renal tubules. Often the renal pelvis is also affected. The disease can occur both acutely and chronically, as a result of the introduction of pathogenic microorganisms into the renal tissue. In the acute period of the disease (pyelonephritis) is marked by severe chills, the temperature can rise to 40 ° C. Patients complain of marked sweating, headache, sharp general weakness. Pain in the lumbar region can be both unilateral and bilateral.Cystitis - inflammation of the bladder wall. It can occur both acutely and chronically.Acute cystitis usually occurs suddenly (usually after a cold). Its main symptoms are: frequent painful urination, pain in the lower abdomen.Chronic cystitis runs for a long time. Its symptoms are the same as in acute cystitis, but expressed markedly weaker. The disease can periodically exacerbate.

Renal stone disease has its own clinical picture and is characterized by its variability. It depends on which part of the urinary tract the stone is located. Kidney stone disease can be hidden for several years. A stone in the renal pelvis or ureter makes itself known often when it blocks the outflow of urine from the renal pelvis. In such cases, the pain manifests itself as renal colic. Urethritis is characterized by an inflammatory process in the wall of the urethra. The disease occurs as a result of the introduction of pathogenic microbes into the urethra, often purulent (for example, in gonorrhea).Acute urethritis is characterized by burning or pain at the beginning of urination and the presence of discharge from the urethra. Chronic urethritis is accompanied by a variety of complaints of patients and often they are weakly expressed.

Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate gland - the second "heart" of a man, which plays an important role in his fertility. Most often develops chronic prostatitis, which is usually the outcome of untreated acute.At the beginning of the disease, men do not have any complaints. But over time, more often begins to note the adhesion of the lips of the urethra (its outlet). Patients note a small amount of threads in the urine, which makes them see a doctor (urologist). Prostate adenoma is a benign formation of the prostate gland.Prostate adenoma has the following symptoms: impaired urination (dysuria) with retention of urine in the urethra, weakening of the stream, as well as retention of urine in the bladder, because of which the patient has to urinate frequently.

The most common pathology of joint disease is rheumatoid polyarthritis. It is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease of the joints. Rheumatoid polyarthritis affects people in the most working age, usually from 20 to 30 years old. The causes of the development of this pathology are still poorly understood. The trigger mechanism of the disease is usually any focus of infection in the body (in the tonsils, sinuses, teeth, gallbladder, etc.).Gout has its basis. It involves an increase in the level of uric acid in the blood, in connection with which the joints are clinically affected first of all, more often the legs, but in some cases the hands. Gout is characterized by gouty attacks. The picture of such an attack is very characteristic. Suddenly, more often at night, develops acute arthritis, affecting most often the joints of the feet, especially the first toes (usually on one side - right or left). The pain is often intolerable.

Common polyarthritis - there are quite a few such joint diseases. The disease can affect a wide variety of joints and surrounding tissues. The diagnosis of metabolic polyarthritis is established by a doctor. It goes without saying that this or that arthritis or polyarthritis is characterized by pain in the affected joint (or joints).Blood is the most important part of the hematopoietic system. It is responsible for the most important functions of the body. But blood can also get sick. The most common blood diseases are anemia, accompanied by a decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin in a unit of blood volume. Blood diseases include iron-deficiency anemia, arising primarily in women due to known blood loss, especially postpartum, Not so rare is diagnosed hemolytic anemia, which is hereditary, genetic character, as well as B12-deficiency (pernicious) anemia.

Rhinitis has three stages. The first stage, lasting from a few hours to 2-3 days, is characterized by a feeling of tension, dryness, and itching in the nasal cavity, reflexive sneezing and to a lesser extent lacrimation. The patient may complain of headache, general malaise, a slight increase in body temperature.If the inflammatory process was not eliminated in time, rhinitis passes into the acute stage, when there is a clear discharge from the nose, sometimes in very large quantities. There is a stuffy nose, difficult nasal breathing, nasality, decreased sense of smell.Laryngitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx. There is a distinction between acute and chronic laryngitis.What are the complaints characteristic of acute laryngitis? First of all, patients complain of a feeling of dryness, parching, scratching in the throat. Coughing at first, as a rule, is dry, and later is accompanied by expectoration of sputum; the voice becomes hoarse, rough or completely silent.

Tracheitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the respiratory canal - trachea. The disease occurs, as a rule, with hypothermia, some infectious diseases (influenza, whooping cough, measles, etc.). Predisposing factors to the occurrence of tracheitis may be diseases of the heart and lungs, and in children - trachitis, exudative diathesis. More often tracheitis is observed in the spring and fall periods of the year. Distinguish between acute tracheitis and chronic. Pharyngitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the pharynx. A distinction is made between acute and chronic pharyngitis. Acute pharyngitis is accompanied by patient complaints of a sharp dry, hot feeling in the throat, pain when swallowing food and saliva. In chronic pharyngitis, a large amount of viscous mucus accumulates in the pharynx, which causes the need for constant coughing and expectoration, especially in the morning.